Comprehension includes the understanding of?

The understanding of comprehension in cognitive psychology encompasses both spoken and written language. This means that comprehension involves the ability to decode and make sense of information, regardless of whether that information is presented orally or in written form. Effective comprehension typically requires individuals to process vocabulary, contextual cues, and grammatical structures within both modalities.

Focusing solely on either spoken or written language would limit the understanding of how individuals engage with language in a holistic manner. Furthermore, comprehension is not just about recognizing words or phrases; it's also about grasping the meaning, context, and nuances of language as it is conveyed in different formats. Thus, option B accurately captures the comprehensive nature of language understanding by recognizing that it applies to both spoken and written forms.