How does state-dependent learning differ from encoding specificity?

State-dependent learning refers to the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to retrieve information when they are in the same mental or emotional state as they were during the encoding of that information. This concept highlights that mood and affective states can significantly influence memory retrieval. When a person is in a similar mood during both the learning and recall phases, the likelihood of successfully retrieving the memories is increased.

In contrast, encoding specificity broadly encompasses the idea that memory performance is enhanced when the conditions present at the time of encoding match those at the time of retrieval. This can include contextual cues such as physical environment, sensory experiences, and even specific details surrounding the memory. While state-dependent learning is a subset of encoding specificity that emphasizes emotional or internal states, encoding specificity as a whole can include a wider range of contextual factors.

Therefore, the correct answer emphasizes how the specific emotional or mood states during both encoding and retrieval play a crucial role in state-dependent learning, setting it apart from the broader framework of encoding specificity that includes various external conditions.