Which figure is associated with the introduction of classical conditioning?

The correct answer is associated with Ivan Pavlov, who is renowned for his pioneering work in classical conditioning. Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated how associative learning occurs when a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, like food, that elicits a natural response (salivation). Through repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus eventually elicited the same response on its own, establishing the basis for classical conditioning.

Pavlov's work laid the groundwork for understanding how behaviors can be shaped by pairing stimuli, influencing both psychology and education. His findings have had a significant, lasting impact on the field, emphasizing the importance of observable behaviors and environmental factors in learning processes. This approach was a critical departure from previous psychoanalytic theories that focused more on internal mental states.

The other figures listed are key contributors to psychology but are primarily associated with different theories. Sigmund Freud is known for developing psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. B.F. Skinner is best known for operant conditioning, which involves learning through consequences and rewards. John Watson is often credited with establishing behaviorism and emphasized the study of observable behavior, but he did not pioneer classical conditioning; that distinction belongs to Pavlov.