Which method is effective for encoding information into long-term memory according to the levels of processing theory?

The choice of repeating and then associating song lyrics with the words of a favorite poem effectively capitalizes on the principles of the levels of processing theory. This theory posits that the depth of processing affects how well information is encoded into long-term memory. Deeper, more meaningful processing leads to better retention than shallow processing.

By associating song lyrics with the words of a poem, the individual engages in a form of elaborative rehearsal. This involves making connections between new information (the song lyrics) and existing knowledge or memories (the poem). Such connections not only help in creating a richer context for the new information but also enhance the meaning of what is being learned, making it more memorable. Thus, this method is effective in promoting deeper cognitive processing and subsequently improving the chances of successful encoding into long-term memory.

In contrast, simply rereading textbooks often constitutes a more superficial form of engagement with the material, which may not significantly deepen understanding. Taking notes during a lecture can be beneficial but may not necessarily involve the kind of meaningful connections that enhance encoding as described in the correct answer. Studying in a quiet environment may support concentration and information retention but does not inherently involve techniques that deepen processing like making associations does.